Wave loading is the academic concept and engineering domain focused on the quantification and analysis of forces, pressures, and moments exerted by surface water waves on structures or natural features within marine, coastal, or offshore environments. This field investigates the complex dynamic interaction between incident wave characteristics (such as height, period, direction, and water depth) and the geometry, material properties, and response of the affected structure, providing essential data for the design, assessment, and maintenance of infrastructure against environmental forces.